Black Orchid

Indonesia : Anggrek hitam

Species: Coelogyne pandurata Lindl. Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.

Epiphyte orchid tubers with the quasi-long round 12 - 15 cm, width 5 - 7 cm. Oval-shaped leaves of green with a long 40 - 50 cm, width of 2 -10 cm; the amount of interest in each cluster 1 - 14 or more bud. Each flower diameter 10 cm. Leaf sheath lancet-shaped, tapering, green young, long-5 - 6 cm, width of 2 -3 cm. Lancet-shaped leaves of the crown taper the green lip resembles a young violinist, the center 1 groove, edging crisp, dark black or dark brown. Fruit-shaped ellipse, the length of 7 cm, width of 2 - 3 cm; interest is not so much fruit.

Distribution in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Peninsular Malaya and Mindanao, Luzon and Samar Island, Philippines.

These orchids grow in the shade; generally grow in the low-old trees near the beach or wetlands in the lowland heat and close enough rivers in the wet forest.

Multiplication can be done with the seeds. New crops can also be obtained by separating all tubers. Can be used as ornamental plants.

source: http://www.proseanet.org/florakita/browser.php?docsid=834

Some list name-Grown Plants / Rare Plants in Indonesia

1. Balam Suntai (Palaquium walsurifolium)
2. Bayur (Pterospermum sp)
3. Bulian, Ulin Eusideroxylon zwageri
4. Cendana (Santalum album)
5. Damar, Kopal Keruling (Agathis labillardieri)
6. Durian (Durio Zibethinus)
7. Enau (Arenga pinnata)
8. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp)
9. Hangkang (Palaquium leiocarpum)
10. Hongi / saya (Myristica argentea)
11. Imba (Azadirachta indica)
12. Jambu Monyet (Agathis Lalillardieri)
13. Jelutung (Dyera sp)
14. Kapur Barus (Dryobalanops camphora)
15. Katiau (Ganna metloyauma)
16. Kayu Bawang (Scorodocarpus borneensis)
17. Kayu Hitam (Diospyros sp)
18. Kayu Kuning (Cudrania sp)
19. Kayu Manis (Cinnamomun burmannii)
20. Kayu Sepang (Caesalpina sappan)
21. Kemenyan (Styra sp)
22. Kemiri ( Dipterocarpus sp)
23. Keruling (Dipterocarpus sp)
24. Ketimunan (Timonius sericcus)
25. Kulit Lawang (Cinnamomun cullilawan)
26. Ipil (Instsia amboinensis)
27. Malam Merah (Palaquium gutta)
28. Massoi (Cryptocaria massoi)
29. Mata Buta / Garu (Excoecaria agallocha)
30. Mata Kucing / Damar (Shorea sp)
31. Purnamasada (Cordia subcordata)
32. Sawo Kecik (Manilkata kauki)
33. Sonolkeling (Dalbergia latifolia)
34. Suren (Toona sureni)
35. Taker, Benuang (Duabanga moluccana)
36. Tembesu (Fagraea fragrans)

source: http://organisasi.org/

Utilizing the drainage area for the Park

HAVE land dwelling that is not too broad, usually leaving open land for parks, which also narrow. This is the situation, then the cause inspiring ideas to utilize the ditch area. Area the size of the 1.2 mx5m, can increase the area to 25 square meters.

How? First part of the canal is closed with concrete, do not forget to make one vessel control, which can be opened close, to clean the sewage and garbage. After that surface with the land, more than 60cm. Now create a living garden on the top.

Crops in the high or the side, which borders with the fence. Crops are lower, parallel planted fish pond, which was built on the edge of the wall. At the top of the pond, there is a footing of stone andesit. The edge of the pond, which borders the park, coral stone decorated eggs.

At the top of the pond, there is a sloping field, which is made from the wall, a stone coated betel andesit fuel bucket. The top of the field is the water that falls directly to the pond, such as rain.

In one corner of the garden, placed two benches and a coffee table, sit for the area. So that the house can still enjoy the green garden outside the fence, sandblast glass accessories, as required.

source : kompas.com

Biofertilizer

Organic farmers is to avoid the use of chemical fertilizers. To meet the needs of plant life, organic farmers rely on the compost as the main source of plant nutrition. Unfortunately, the content of compost burly low. Compost mature content hara more or less: N 1.69%, 0:34% P2O5, and 2.81% K. 100 kg of compost is equivalent to 1.69 kg of urea, SP 36 kg of 0:34, and 2:18 kg of KCl. For example, to fertilize the rice needs hara 200 kg urea / ha, 75 kg SP 36/ha and 37.5 kg of KCl / ha, it requires as much as 22 tons of compost / ha. The amount of compost that this large requires a lot of manpower and by the rise of production costs.

Microbe-soil microbes that play a role in the provision and the absorption of nutrients for plants. Three important plant nutrients, namely Nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potassium (K), all involving the activities of microbes. Hara N available abundant in the air. Roughly 74% content of the air is the N. However, N air can not be directly used by plants N must by microbes and changed shape to become available for plants N microbe that symbiosis and there is also a free life. N symbiotic microbes, among others: Rhizobium sp living in root nodules plant beans (leguminose). Microbe N non-symbiotic, for example: Azospirillum sp and Azotobacter sp. N symbiotic microbes can only be used to plant leguminose only, while the microbe non-symbiotic N can be used for all types of plants.

Soil microbes that play a role in the provision of nutrients is a microbe solvent phosphate (P) and potassium (K). Agricultural land we generally have a fairly high content of P (saturated). However, the burly, little P / not available for plants, because tied in the loamy soil minerals. Here is where the role of microbes solvent PThese microbes will relinquish ties P minerals from the hardened and provide for the plant. Many microbes that are able to do P, among others: sp Aspergillus, Penicillium sp, Pseudomonas and Bacillus sp megatherium. Microbe that dissolves Highly P, leaders also generally higher in dissolves K.

Another group of microbes that also play a role in the absorption of the P element is Mikoriza the bersimbiosis on plant roots. At least two types of mikoriza frequently used for biofertilizer, namely: ektomikoriza and endomikoriza. Mikoriza role in helping dissolves P and P absorption by the plant life. In addition, the plant bermikoriza also generally more resistant to drought. Example mikoriza which is often used Glomus sp and Gigaspora sp.

Some microbes are able to land the plant hormones that can stimulate the growth of plants. Hormone produced by the microbes will be absorbed by the plants so the plants will grow faster or bigger. Groups of microbes that are able to plant hormones, among others: Pseudomonas sp and Azotobacter sp.

Microbe-beneficial microbes are formulated in a special carrier material and used as a biofertilizer. Results of research conducted by BPBPI get at least that biofertilizer can supply more than half the needs of plant life. Biofertilizer available in the market include: Gold, Rhiphosant, Kamizae, OST and Simbionriza.

Compost Technology bio actives

One of the problems often encountered when applying organic agriculture is organic materials and the status of low soil. Organic farmers overcome the problem with manure or green manure. Both types of fertilizers are organic waste that has experienced destroyed to become available for plants. Organic waste such as the remnants of plants and animals, cattle dung can not be given directly to the plant. Organic waste must be destroyed / compost first by soil microbes into nutrients that can be absorbed by plants. compost natural process takes a very long, ranging between six months to a year until the organic material is actually available for plants.

Compost process can be accelerated by using microbes crusher (decomposer) leaders high. The use of microbes can shorten the process of decomposition from several months to several weeks only. In many markets currently available products biodecomposer to accelerate the process compost, for example: SuperDec, OrgaDec, EM4, EM Beasley, Starbio, Degra Simba, Stardec, and others.

Compost bio actives compost is produced with the help of microbes lignoselulolitic winning the remains in the compost and agensia role as a biological control of plant diseases. SuperDec and OrgaDec, biodekomposer developed by the Central Plantation Biotechnology Research Indonesia (BPBPI), developed based on the philosophy. Biodecomposer winning microbe that is used is pseudokoningii NATURAL ENEMIES, Cytopaga sp, and functions pelapuk white. Microbes are able to accelerate the process compost to around 2-3 weeks. Microbe will remain alive and active in the compost. When the compost is given to the land, the microbes will have a role for the control of pathogenic organisms cause plant diseases.

source: www.ipard.com

Prospects of Organic Agriculture in Indonesia

Entering the 21st century, the world began to realize the danger caused by the use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture. People increasingly discerning in choosing foods that are safe for health and environment-friendly. Healthy lifestyle with the slogan "Back to Nature" has become a new trend to leave the old pattern of life that use non-natural chemicals, such as fertilizers, chemical pesticides and synthetic hormones, growth in agricultural production. Food is healthy and nutritious high can be produced with the new method, known as organic agriculture.

Agriculture is the organic cultivation techniques that rely on natural ingredients without the use of chemicals synthetic. The main purpose of organic agriculture is to provide agricultural products, especially food which is safe for the health of producers and consumers and does not damage the environment. Healthy lifestyle so institutionalized internationally, which requires the guarantee that agricultural products should be consumed safely attribute (food safety attributes), a high content of nutrients (nutritional attributes) and friendly environment (eco-labeling attributes). Consumer preferences, such as this cause demand for organic agricultural products the world increased rapidly.

Indonesia has a wealth of resources unique tropical biodiversity, abundance sunlight, water and land, culture and society that respects the natural, organic agricultural potential is very large. Market world organic agricultural products increased 20% per year, therefore, the development of the cultivation of organic agriculture should be prioritized in the plant have high economic value to meet the needs of domestic and export markets.

Chance of Organic Agriculture in Indonesia

The land area available for organic agriculture in Indonesia is very large. From 75.5 million ha of land that can be used for agriculture, only about 25.7 million ha have been treated for rice fields and plantations (BPS, 2000). Organic agriculture demands that the land is used or not has not been polluted by chemicals and have good accessibility. The land is not contaminated land that has not been cultivated, but in general, less land so fertile. Fertile land, which generally has been intensively cultivated with the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Using the land such as this requires quite a long time conversion, which is about 2 years old.

Volume of organic agricultural products reached 5-7% of total agricultural products traded in international markets. In Asia, the market for organic agricultural products more dominated by the country's far-eastern countries such as Japan, Taiwan and Korea.

Potential market organic agricultural products in the country is very small, limited only to the middle of the community. Various obstacles, among others:

1) there is not sufficient price incentives to producers of organic agricultural products,

2) need expensive investment in the early development because the land must choose a truly sterile material of Agrochemicals,

3) there is no certainty the market, so farmers were reluctant to produce the commodities.

The planting acreage of organic agriculture, Australia and Oceania have the land of exposure around 7.7 million ha. Europe, Latin America and North America each around 4.2 million; 3.7 million and 1.3 million hectares. The area planted with organic agricultural commodities in Asia and Africa are still relatively low at around 0.09 million and 0.06 million hectares (Table 1). Vegetables, coffee and tea dominates the market of agricultural products in addition to the international organic livestock products.

Table 1. The planting acreage of organic agriculture of each region in the world, 2002

Regional Planting Area (million ha)

1. Australia and Oceania 7.70
2. Europe 4.20
3. Latin America 3.70
4. 30 United States north 1.30
5. Asia 0.09
6. Africa 0.06

Source: IFOAM, 2002; PC-TAS, 2002.

Indonesia has a potential big enough to compete in the international market, although gradually. This is because the various comparative advantages, among others: 1) is still a lot of land resources which can be opened to develop organic agriculture, 2) technology to support organic agriculture already are available, such as making compost, planting, processing, without land, biological pesticides, and others.

Further development of organic agriculture in Indonesia should be directed to meet the demands of the global market Therefore commodities such as vegetables and exotic plantations such as coffee and tea that have export potential and bright enough need to be developed Indonesia is the second largest exporter after Brazil, but the international coffee market in Indonesia does not have a trademark.

The development of organic agriculture in Indonesia has not require a new institutional structure, because the system is almost the same case with intensive agriculture such as at this time.. Institutional groups such as farmers, cooperatives, associations or corporations are still very relevant. However, the most important agricultural institutions should be to strengthen the bargaining position of farmers.

Modern Organic Agriculture

The last few years, organic agriculture, modern agriculture system in the entrance of Indonesia in sporadic and piecemeal. Developing modern agriculture produce organic food is safe for the health system and environment-friendly production. But the general concept of organic farming, modern yet known, and many more are still in question. While the emphasis is more to leave the use of synthetic pesticides. With the increasing development of knowledge and technology, health, environment, microbiology, chemistry, molecular biology, biochemistry and others, organic agriculture continues to grow.

In the modern system of organic agriculture and the necessary quality standards applied by importing countries with very strict. Often one organic agricultural products must be returned to countries including Indonesia because the content is found residues of pesticides and other chemicals.

The many products that claim the product as organic agriculture is not required to create doubt in the consumers. Certification of organic agricultural products can be divided into two criteria, namely:

a) Local Certification for market share in the country. agricultural activity is still tolerate the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers in the amount or at least Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA), but it is limiting the use of synthetic pesticides. OMO control using biopestisida, tolerant varieties, and biological agensia. Team to formulate national certification has been established by the Ministry of Agriculture, with the involvement of universities and other parties related.

b) International certification for the export of food and certain circles in the country, such as the certification issued by the SKAL or IFOAM. Some of the requirements include the conversion of land, where the organic products, seeds, fertilizers and pesticides as well as the processing of the results must meet certain requirements for organic agricultural products.

Some prospective commodities that can be developed with the system of organic agriculture in Indonesia, among other food crops, horticulture, plantations, spices and medicinal plants, and animal husbandry, (Table 2). Facing the era of free trade in 2010 is expected future organic agriculture Indonesia has been able to export products to international markets.

Table 2. Commodities are eligible to be developed with organic agriculture

Commodity Category

1. Rice Crops
2. Horticulture Vegetables: broccoli, red cabbage, petsai, caisin, cho, white, cabbage shoots, spinach leaves, pumpkin siyam, oyong and baligo. Fruits: jackfruit, durian, salak, mangoes, oranges and mangosteen.
3. Coconut Plantation, nutmeg, cashew nut, clove, pepper, vanilla and coffee.
4. Spice and medicinal ginger, turmeric, ginger, and meeting-other findings.
5. Animal Husbandry milk, eggs and meat

source: www.litbang.deptan.go.id